by的各种用法

by的各种用法
by的各种用法

by的各种用法
By是个很常用的介词（有时也用作副词）,在初中英语中的用法有以下几种：
1．意为“在……旁”、“* 近”.如：
Some are singing and dancing under a big tree .Some are drawing by the lake.有的在大树下唱歌跳舞,有的在湖边画画儿.
2．意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”.如：
Your son will be all right by supper time.你的儿子在晚饭前会好的.
How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲?
3．表示方法、手段,可译作“* ”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等.如：
The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑.
The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息.
4．表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思.如：
One by one they went past the table in the dark.他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子.
5．表示“根据”、“按照”的意思.如：
What time is it by your watch?你的表几点了?
6．和take ,hold等动词连用,说明接触身体的某一部分.如：
I took him by the hand.我拉住了它的手.
7．用于被动句中,表示行为主体,常译作“被”、“由”等.如：
English is spoken by many people.英语被许多人所说.（即“许多人讲英语.”）
8．组成其它短语.
1) by the way :意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”,常做插入语.如：
By the way ,where’s Li Ping ,do you know?顺便问一下,李平在哪儿.你知道吗?
2) by oneself :意为“单独”、“自行”.如：
I can’t leave her by herself.我不能把她单独留下.
3) by and by :意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”.如：
But by and by ,more and more people began to study English.但是不久以后,越来越多的人开始学英语了.

1．“”用来指明行为的执行者，也就是指对某种明指和暗指的行为负有责任的人、动物、团体或人力媒介。这一用法最常见于动词的被动语态之中。例如：
He was killed by a piece of falling stone.
Some time ago I read a fascinating book by William Fanlkner.
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1．“”用来指明行为的执行者，也就是指对某种明指和暗指的行为负有责任的人、动物、团体或人力媒介。这一用法最常见于动词的被动语态之中。例如：
He was killed by a piece of falling stone.
Some time ago I read a fascinating book by William Fanlkner.
这里“by” 表示行为的主体，而 “with” 一般用来表示所用的工具。试比较：
The window was broken by a stone.
The window was broken with a stone.
前者所表达的含义是石头造成了破坏，即窗户是被石头打破的；后者则表示的是有人用石头当作工具造成的破坏，这个人要对此负责，即窗户是人用石头给打破的。
2．介词 “by”表明该位置 “靠近” “在….旁边”或 “挨着……”另外一个位置。
On a cold evening it is pleasant to sit by the fire.
The dog trotted along by the side of its master.
She sat by the pillar, we saw her clear.
这一含义有时与close at hand, in one’s possession, at the time of speaking 的意思结合在一起。
I have not got his letter by me at the moment.
3．含有 “经过”的意思。
We went by the shop without realizing it.
Who is that who has just gone by the window?
注：“by”有作这种含义时，该介词常常用作副词来使用,即不带宾语。
We were standing at the corner when they went by.
Our friends drove by without even waving.
4．含有 “就…来说”之意.
She was very generous by nature.
I am a Chinese by birth.
5．用在以-self 或 –selves结尾的代词前面时，表示 “没有外来的帮助” 或”单独” 之意。
This box is too heavy for me to lift it by myself.
She lives by herself in a small cottage in the country.
6．含有“到……程度” 的意思。
The ball missed his head by a hair’s breadth.
7． 表示“按照” 或“ 根据” 的含义。
We shall get a storm before long by the look of the sky.
It is six o’clock by my watch.
8． 表示在特定时间“之前” 或“不迟于”特定时间的含义。
By the time we got there, our friends had lift.
We have to go home by eight o’clock.
9．用来指明手段，即为达到某种目标所使用的方法、工具、技术。
When I got that country, I was shocked by the high cost of living.
在这一用法中， 用来指交通工具时，如泛指，就用“by”.
We shall go by air/train /car/bus.
如果具体指某一交通工具，则要根据具体情况来选择适当的介词， 通常不是用“on ” 就是用“in ”如： in my car , in a taxi; on my bicycle, ect.
如果交通工具以起始时间或到达时间称呼，那么用“by”或“on ”的情况较多。
I shall go by (or on) the 11 o’clock.
注意： 在这种情况下， “by”不用定冠词，而用 “in”或“on”跟冠词或物主代词。
My son goes to school by bus.
My son goes to school on a car.
10． 表示衡量单位。
The patient was getting weaker by the minute.
We buy our coal by the ton.
注意：“by”后面的名词用单数，并有并有定冠词 “the”。11．用来指人体或物体的某一部分。
I grasped him by the arm.
12．称呼某物或某人的名字时， 用以发誓。
I swear by Almighty god………
这种用法多见于比较温和的发誓中，现在多近似于感叹语。如：
By heaven!
13．用来指明实现某种目的时的相关行为。这时，介词“by ”后跟动词的 ing形式。
Our teacher ended his talk by saying he was satisfied with our progress.
By acting as you did , you offended the young woman.
作者：王爱民

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