英语翻译Although people intuitively relate filth to disease,the transmission of disease bypathogenic organisms in polluted water was not recognized until the middle of thenineteenth century.The Broad Street pump handle incident demonstrated drama

英语翻译Although people intuitively relate filth to disease,the transmission of disease bypathogenic organisms in polluted water was not recognized until the middle of thenineteenth century.The Broad Street pump handle incident demonstrated drama
英语翻译
Although people intuitively relate filth to disease,the transmission of disease by
pathogenic organisms in polluted water was not recognized until the middle of the
nineteenth century.The Broad Street pump handle incident demonstrated dramatically
that water could carry diseases.
In 1854,a public health physician named John Snow,assigned to try to control
the spread of cholera,noticed a curious concentration of cholera cases in one part of
London.Almost all of the people affected drew their drinking water from a community pump in the middle of Broad Street.However,people who worked in an adjacent brewery were not affected.Snow recognized that the brewery workers' apparent immunity to cholera occurred because the brewery drew its water from a private well and not from the Broad Street pump (although the immunity might have been thought due to the health benefits of beer).Snow's evidence convinced the city council to ban the polluted water supply,which was done by removing the pump handle so that the pump was effectively unusable.The source of infection was cut off,the cholera epidemic subsided,and the public began to understand the importance of having clean drinking water supplies.
Until recently,water pollution was viewed primarily as a threat to human health because of the transmission of bacterial and viral waterborne diseases.In less developed countries,and in almost any country in time of war,waterborne diseases remain a major public health threat.In the United States and other developed countries,however,water treatment and distribution methods have almost eradicated microbial contamination in drinking water.We now recognize that water pollution constitutes a much broader threat and continues to pose serious health risks to the public as well as aquatic life.In this chapter we discuss the sources of water pollution and the effect of this pollution on streams,lakes and oceans.
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
Water pollutants are categorized as point source or nonpoint source,the former being identified as all dry weather pollutants that enter watercourses through pipes or channels.Storm drainage,even though the water may enter watercourses by way of
pipes or channels,is considered nonpoint source pollution.Other nonpoint source pollution comes from agricultural runoff,construction sites,and other land disturbances,as discussed in Chap.11.Point source pollution comes mainly from industrial facilities and municipal wastewater treatment plants.The range of pollutants is vast,depending only on what gets “thrown down the drain.”
Oxygen demanding substances such as might be discharged from milk processing
plants,breweries,or paper mills,as well as municipal wastewater treatment plants,compose one of the most important types of pollutants because these materials decompose in the watercourse and can deplete the water of dissolved oxygen.

英语翻译Although people intuitively relate filth to disease,the transmission of disease bypathogenic organisms in polluted water was not recognized until the middle of thenineteenth century.The Broad Street pump handle incident demonstrated drama
尽管人们可以直接面对肮脏引起的疾病,但是直到十九世纪中期人们还没有意识到由污染水源引发的疾病传播.百老汇街上的水管就可以明显的看出水可以传播疾病.
1854年,一名叫Jonh Snow的公共卫生医师接到任务来控制霍乱的传播,在伦敦部分地区引起了高度重视.大多数人们都在百老汇中央水管喝水而染上疾病,而在附近一家啤酒厂工作的工人们却没有被传染.Snow意识到啤酒厂的工人们对霍乱有免疫的原因是由于啤酒厂工人喝的水是来自他们自己的地下水,而不是百老汇水管里的水（因此免疫应归功于啤酒）.Snow的证据说服了市政府禁止污染水的供应,最后拆毁了水管,不再使用了.传染源被切断了,霍乱的蔓延也平息了,公众也开始了解干净饮水的重要性.
直到最近,由于水传播疾病和传播细菌,因此水污染被认为是威胁人类健康的主要因素.在一些不发达的国家,或者在一些战乱的国家里,水传播疾病仍然是公众健康威胁的主要问题.在美国和其它无微生物污染的国家,水处理及分配方式基本上是无微生物污染的.我们现在意识到水污染构成更广泛的威胁,而且还在威胁着公众卫生安全,同时也威胁水生物的安全.在本章,我们讨论水污染源及河流、湖、海污染的影响.
水污染源
水污染物分为点源和非点源,前者认为所有干燥空气污染物通过水管或管道进入水道.雨水排水也会通过水管或管道进入水道,这都被认为是非点源污染.其它非点源污染来自匀在第十一章讨论过的农业上的排水,建筑工地和其它土地施工.点源污染主要来自工业工厂和城市废水处理厂.污染源的范围很广,仅仅根据什么可以产生污染.
牛奶加工厂、酿酒厂、或造纸厂、以及市政废水处理厂是构成污染物需氧量最重要类型,这些物质在水道中分解会消耗掉的水中的溶氧.

……怎么这么像高二英语书的课文……

虽然人们对疾病相关,直观地肮脏的传播疾病
在受污染的水是致病微生物的中期不被承认的
19世纪。处理事件的宽阔的街道泵证明显著的变化
,水将会携带疾病。
1854年,一个名叫约翰·雪公共卫生医师,指定给加以控制
霍乱的传播,注意到一个奇怪的浓度的霍乱病例中的某一部分
伦敦。几乎所有的人影响了其饮用水从一个社区泵在中间的宽阔的街道。然而,那些曾在相邻的酿...

全部展开

虽然人们对疾病相关,直观地肮脏的传播疾病
在受污染的水是致病微生物的中期不被承认的
19世纪。处理事件的宽阔的街道泵证明显著的变化
,水将会携带疾病。
1854年,一个名叫约翰·雪公共卫生医师,指定给加以控制
霍乱的传播,注意到一个奇怪的浓度的霍乱病例中的某一部分
伦敦。几乎所有的人影响了其饮用水从一个社区泵在中间的宽阔的街道。然而,那些曾在相邻的酿酒厂都不受影响。雪认识到酿酒厂工人明显的免疫能力,霍乱发生因为酿酒厂也吸引了水源来自私人的完美的一面,而不是从宽阔的街道泵(虽然免疫可能一直都被认为是由于对健康有好处的啤酒)。斯诺的证据说服市议会禁止被污染的水供应,这是由消除泵处理,使泵能有效应用。,感染源被切断,平息的霍乱传染病,公众开始的重要性认识不足,拥有着干净的饮用水的供给。
直到最近,水污染展望,主要是作为一个威胁到人类的健康,因为传播的细菌和病毒的水传播疾病。在欠发达国家,几乎在任何国家在战争时期,水生疾病仍然是一个主要的公共卫生威胁。在美国和其他发达国家,然而,水处理和分配方式几乎已经根除了饮用水中微生物污染。现在我们意识到水污染构成更大范围的威胁,并继续会引起严重的健康风险,民众以及水生生命。在这一章中,我们将讨论水源污染和一个庞大的污染对溪流、湖泊和海洋。
水源污染
水污染物进行了分类,

收起